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This is the order of battle of the French invasion of Russia. == Grande Armée == Napoleon organized the ''Grande Armée'' of 674,000 men, the largest army assembled up to that point in European history. On June 24, 1812 almost half a million men from those multinational army crossed the river Neman and headed towards Moscow. Grande Armee composition. Commander-in-Chief: Emperor Napoleon Chief of Staff: Major Général (Chief of Staff) Maréchal Louis-Alexandre Berthier, 1st Duc de Wagram, 1st Duc de Valengin, 1st Sovereign Prince de Neuchâtel * Northern flank * * X Corps 30,000 (Pr,Po,Bv,We) Maréchal Etienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, Duc de Tarente * Central force of 220,000 under the Emperor's personal command. * * Imperial Guard 33,000 (Fr,Po,Du,It,Pt,Sw,Sp) Maréchal Jean-Baptiste Bessières Duc d'Istrie (Guard Cavalry); Maréchal Pierre François Joseph Lefebvre Duc de Dantzig (Old Guard Infantry); Maréchal Adolphe Edouard Casimir Joseph Mortier Duc de Trévise (Young Guard infantry). * * Attached to Imperial Guard 7,000 (Po,It,Sp) there were many multinational units e.g. Polish Vistula Legion, Velites of Tutin and Florence, Spanish pioneer battalion, * * Grand Quartier, Headquarter's guard, Equipages, Artillery General Park, Engineers and other services 14,000 (Fr,Sw,Po,Pt) there were attached few multinational units e.g. Portuguese Chasseur a Cheval, Polish Vistula Uhlan, Neuchatel (Swiss) Battalion. * * I Corps 72,000 (Fr,Ba,Me,Ge,Du,It,Sp,Po) Maréchal Louis-Nicolas Davout, Duc d'Auerstaedt, Prince d'Eckmühl * * II Corps 37,000 (Fr,Ba,Sw,Cr,Pt,Du,Ge,Po) Maréchal Nicolas Oudinot, Duc de Reggio * * III Corps 40,000 (Fr,Wu,Pt,Ge,Il,Du,It,) Maréchal Michel Ney, duc d'Elchingen * Reserve cavalry under Maréchal Joachim Murat, King of Naples, follow with central force * * I Reserve Cavalry Corps 11,000 (Fr, Po, Pr, Ge) Général de division Compte de Nansouty * * II Reserve Cavalry Corps 10,000 (Fr, Po, Pr, Wu) Général de division Compte Montbrun * Corps follow behind central force * * IV Corps 46,000 (It,Fr,Cr,Sp) Général de division Eugène de Beauharnais, Prince Français, Prince of Venice, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy * * VI Corps 25,000 (Bv) Général de division Marquis Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr * * III Reserve Cavalry Corps 10,000 (Fr,Bv,Sx,Du) Général de division Emmanuel, Marquis de Grouchy * Right flank force under Napoleon's brother Général de division Jérôme Bonaparte, French Prince, King of Westphalia * * V Corps 36,000 (Po) Général de division Josef Antoni, Prince Poniatowski * * VIII Corps 18,000 (We) Général de division Jérôme Bonaparte, French Prince, King of Westphalia later Jean-Andoche Junot Duc d'Abrantès * * IV Reserve Cavalry Corps 9000 (Po,Sx,We) Général de division Marie Victor de Fay, marquis de Latour-Maubourg * Southern flank * * VII Corps 17,000 (Sx) Général de division Jean-Louis-Ebénézer Reynier * * Austrian Corps 34,000 (Au) Feldmarschall Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg, Herzog von Krumau * Reserve in Poland and Prussia (several units marched to Russia in late stage of campaign 1812) * * XI Corps 50,000 (Fr,Du,Ge,Ne) Maréchal Pierre Augereau, Duc de Castiglione * Reserve in Germany (marched to Russia in late summer 1812) * * IX Corps 34,000 (Fr,Po,Ba,Bg,He,Sx) Maréchal Claude Victor-Perrin, known as Victor, Duc de Bellune, This corps arrived to Russia in autumn (詳細はDuchy of Warsaw. With these included total French imperial forces on the Russian border and in Russia came to almost 674,000 men. This vast commitment of manpower severely strained the Empire — especially considering that there were a further 220,000 French troops fighting in Iberia and over 100,000 more in Germany and Italy. The army consisted of: * 300,000 troops from the French Empire〔Riehn, Richard K, p. 81.〕 * * 14,000 Dutch from annexed Kingdom of Holland (Du) * * 10,000 Flemish and Walloon from annexed Belgium territories * * 10,000 Germans from annexed North Germany and left bank of the Rhine River (Ge) * * 10,000 Italians from annexed Piedmont, Liguria, Tuscany, Genoa, Parma and Rome * 108,000 Poles (Po) * * 67,000 Polish from Duchy of Warsaw * * 12,000 Polish National Guard, depot companies and garrisons in defence of Duchy of Warsaw * * 10,000 Polish in French service (Vistula Legion, 8th Chevauleger-Lancer, 1st and 3rd Guard Chevauleger-Lancer) * * 19,000 new formed regiments during campaign in Lithuania * 110,000 Germans from Rhine Confederation * * 29,000 Bavarians (Bv) * * 22,500 Saxons (Sx) * * 22,000 Westphalians〔 (other German sources mention 28,000)〔according to the Landesmuseum in Westphalias former capital Kassel〕 (We) * * 12,000 Württemberg (Wu) * * 6,000 Baden (Ba) * * 5,000 Berg (Bg) * * 4,000 Hesse (He) * * 11,000 other members of Rhine Confederation * 27,000 Italians from Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (It) * 8,000 Neapolitans majority never went to Russia, part garrisoned in Danzig, part were sent back to Naples (Ne) * 9,000 Swiss 〔 (German sources〔Meyers Konversationslexikon 1888〕 mention 16,000) (Sw) * 4,800 Spanish (Sp) * 3,500 Croats there could be more Croats which servised in few different regiments (Cr) * 2,000 Portuguese (Pt) * 5,900 Illyrian, Dalmatian and Mediterranean minorities (Il) * 20,000 Prussians.〔 There servised Prussian German, but also some Polish from Silesia, West and East Prussia (Pr) * 34,000 Austrian Corps under Schwarzenberg. (Au) This corps consisted of several nationalities: * * 8,000 Polish and Ruthenian-Ukrainian from Galicia * * 2,700 Bohemians and Moravians Czechs * * 2,600 Croats * * 9,700 German Austrians * * 11,000 Hungarians, Slovaks, Serbs, Romanians, Ruthenian-Ukrainian Anthony Joes in ''Journal of Conflict Studies '' wrote that:〔Anthony James Joes. ''(Continuity and Change in Guerrilla War: The Spanish and Afghan Cases )'', Journal of Conflict Studies Vol. XVI No. 2, Fall 1997. (Footnote 27 ), cites * Georges Lefebvre, ''Napoleon from Tilsit to Waterloo'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), vol. II, pp. 311–12. * Felix Markham, ''Napoleon'' (New York: Mentor, 1963), pp. 190, 199. * James Marshall-Cornwall: ''Napoleon as Military Commander'' (London: Batsford, 1967), p. 220. * Eugene Tarle: ''Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1942), p. 397. * Richard K. Riehn See 1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign'' (New York: John Wiley, 1991), pp. 77 and 501 〕 M. Minard's infographic (see below) depicts the march ingeniously by showing the size of the advancing army, overlaid on a rough map, as well as the retreating soldiers together with temperatures recorded (as much as 30 below zero on the Réaumur scale) on their return. The numbers on this chart have 422,000 crossing the Neman with Napoleon, 22,000 taking a side trip early on in the campaign, 100,000 surviving the battles en route to Moscow and returning from there; only 4,000 survive the march back, to be joined by 6,000 that survived that initial 22,000 in the feint attack northward; in the end, only 10,000 cross the Neman back out of the initial 422,000.〔See a large copy of the chart (here ), but discussed at length in Edward Tufte, ''The Visual Display of Quantitative Information'' (London: Graphics Press, 1992)〕 Adam Zamoyski estimated that between 550,000 and 600,000 French and allied troops (including reinforcements) operated beyond the Niemen, of which as many as 400,000 troops died.〔Zamoyski 2005, p. 536 — note this includes deaths of prisoners during captivity〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Order of battle of the French invasion of Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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